Presuda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava
ČETVRTI ODJEL
PREDMET JELIČIĆ protiv BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
(Aplikacija br. 41183/02)
PRESUDA
STRASBOURG
31. oktobar 2006.
Ova presuda će postati konačna pod uslovima postavljenim u Članu 44 § 2 Konvencije. Može biti podvrgnuta uredničkim izmjenama.
U predmetu Jeličić protiv Bosne i Herzegovine, Evropski sud za ljudska prava (Četvrti odjel) zasjedajući u vijeću u sastavu:
Ser Nicolas Bratza, Predsjednik
Gospodin J. Casadevall,
Gospodin M. Pellonpaa,
Gospodin R. Maruste,
Gospodin K. Traja,
Gospođa L. Mijović,
Gospodin J. Šikuta, sudije,
i Gdin. T. L. Early, registrar odjela,
Nakon vijećanja zatvorenog za javnost, održanog 10. oktobra 2006. donosi sljedeću presudu koja je usvojena istog dana:
POSTUPAK
Pred Sudom su se pojavili sljedeći:
(a) u ime Vlade:
Gospođa. Z. Ibrahimović, Vršilac dužnosti Agenta,
Gospđa. M. Mijić, Vršilac dužnosti zamjenika Agenta;
(b) u ime aplikantice
Gospodin. P. Radulović, advokat,
Gospodin. S. Nišić, savjetnik.
Sud je saslušao izlaganje gospođe Ibrahimović i gospodina Radulovića, kao i njihove odgovore na pitanja koje je postavljala sutkinja Mijović.
5. Odlukom od 15. novembra 2005 Sud je izjavio da je aplikacija prihvatljiva.
6. Aplikant i Vlada su dostavili daljnja pisana opažanja (Pravilo 59 § 1). Sem toga primljeni su i komentari treće strane, Udruženja za zaštitu deviznih štediša u Bosni i Hercegovini, koja je dobila dopuštenje Predsjednika da interveniše pismeno u postupku (Član 36 § 2 Konvencije i Pravilo 44 § 2).
ČINJENICE
I. OKOLNOSTI SLUČAJA
7. Aplikant je rođen 1953. god i živi u Banja Luci.
8. Između 7. januara 1977. i 31. januara 1983. aplikant je položio iznos od 70.140 njemačkih maraka (DEM) na štedni račun u tadašnjoj Privrednoj banci Sarajevo, Filijala Banja Luka, u to vrijeme u vlasništvu države. U Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i u drugim državama nasljednicama Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije “SFRJ”, za takvu štednju se obično koristi termin “stara” devizna štednja u slučaju da je novac deponovan na račune prije raspada SFRJ. Relevantne popratne informacije vezane za ovo detaljno su navedene u odluci Komore o prihvatljivosti ove aplikacije ((odluka) br. 41183/03, ECHR 2005 -...)
9. 31. decembra 1991. stanje na računu aplikanta, uključujući i kamatu, iznosilo je 235.924 DEM (u bivšoj SFRJ, depoziti u stranim valutama donosili su visoke kamate.)
10. U nekoliko navrata 1992. i 1993. aplikant je uspio podići ukupno 9.352 DEM bez obzira na pravna ograničenja koja su uvedena kasnih 1980ih.
11. 3. oktobra 1997. god. aplikant je pokrenuo građansku parnicu protiv Banjalučke banke, pravnog nasljednika Privredne banke Sarajevo, Filijala Banja Luka, tražeći povrat ukupnog štednog uloga stare devizne štednje i akumuliranu kamatu.
12. 26. novembra 1998. Osnovni sud u Banja Luci je ustanovio da je stanje na računu gore navedenog aplikanta 295.273 DEM uključujući i kamate. Sud je takođe utvrdio da je aplikant imao 4.896 DEM na drugom računu u istoj banci. Banjalučkoj banci je naređeno da aplikantu isplati, u roku od 15 dana, 300.170 DEM (približno 153.475 eura (EUR)), kao i neisplaćene kamate na navedeni iznos koje se primjenjuju u valuti države (Njemačke) od 3. oktobra 1997., sudske troskove u iznosu 9.076 dinara (približno 290 EUR-a) i kamate na posljednji spomenuti iznos prema zakonski određenom omjeru od dana donošenja presude.
13. 5. februara 1999. Osnovni sud u Banja Luci zabunom je smatrao da se Banjalučka banka nije žalila na presudu od 26. novembra 1998. i donio je rješenje o izvršenju. 25. februara 1999. Osnovni sud u Banja Luci je ustanovio da je žalba, ustvari, uložena. 4. novembra 1999. godine. Okružni Sud u Banja Luci odbacio je žalbu i presuda Osnovnog suda od 26. novembra 1998. stupila je na snagu.
14. U međuvremenu, aplikant je uložio tužbu kod Ombudsmena za ljudska prava koji je tužbu proslijedio Domu za ljudska prava (tijela za ljudska prava osnovana Aneksom 6 Opšteg okvirnog mirovnog sporazuma iz 1995. godine)
15. 12. januara 2000. godine Dom za ljudska prava utvrdio je da je došlo do kršenja Člana 6. Konvencije i Člana 1. Protokola br. 1 Konvencije kao posljedice neizvršenja presude od 26. novembra 1998. Dom za ljudska prava je smatrao Republiku Srpsku odgovornom i naredio da se obezbjedi potpuno izvršenje bez odlaganja.
16. Nakon što Banjalučka banka nije izvršila presudu dobrovoljno, 22. marta 2000. god. nadležni sud je poslao sudski nalog o izvršenju Službi za platni promet Republike Srpske.
17. 28. jula 2000. Vrhovni sud Republike Srpske odbacio je žalbu na reviziju presude od 26. novembera 1998. god.
18. 8. novembra 2000. god. sudski nalog o izvršenju je vraćen nadležnom sudu bez izvršenja zbog zabrane propisane zakonom (vidi paragraf 24 dolje).
19. 30. januara 2001. aplikant je pretvorio dio svoje ušteđevine (20.000 DEM) u vrijedonosne papire prema Zakonu o Privtizaciji Preduzeća iz 1998. god. Ona je nakon toga, navodno, prodala ove vrijedonosne papire na sekundarnom tržištu za 9.000 KM.
20. 18. januara 2002. god. završena je privatizacija Banjalučke banke i “stara” devizna štednja aplikanta postala je javni dug Republike Srpske prema članu 20. Zakona o početnom bilansu stanja u postupku privatizacije državnog kapitala u bankama iz 1998. god.
21. 7. marta 2002. i 9. februara 2004. god. aplikantica je ponovo pretvorila iznos svoje ušteđevine (20.452 EUR) u privatizacione obveznice kao i prije. Te obveznice aplikantica je prodala na sekundarnom tržištu, za navodno 8.749 EUR.
22. 15. aprila 2006. god. Bosna i Hercegovina je preuzela dug nastao po osnovu “stare” devizne štednje of svojih konstitutivnih jedinica prema članu 1. Zakona o staroj deviznoj štednji iz 2006. godine.
23. Presuda od 26. novembra 1998. još uvijek nije izvršena.
II. RELEVANTANO DOMAĆE PRAVO
A. Zakonsko sprečavanje izvršenja presuda koje naređuju isplatu “stare” devizne štednje
24. Izvršavanje ovih presuda sprečavano je u Republici Srpskoj od 3. maja 1996. god. u skladu sa drugim relevantnim uputama Vlade Republike Srpske (Odluka o obustavljanju isplate “stare” devizne štednje; objavljena u Službenom glasniku Republike Srpske (“SG RS”) broj 10/96 od 27. maja 1996; i Zaključak objavljen u “SG RS” broj 24/99 od 4. oktobra 1999.) kao i sljedećih zakonskih propisa:
- Zakon o deviznom poslovanju (objavljen u “SG RS” broj 15/96 od 8. jula 1996. i amandmani objavljeni u “SG RS” broj 10/97 od 30. aprila 1997);
- Zakon o odlaganju od izvršenja sudskih odluka na teret sredstava budžeta Republike Srpske po osnovu isplate naknade materijalne i nematerijalne štete nastale uslijed ratnih dejstava i po osnovu isplate stare devizne štednje (objavljen u “SG RS” broj. 25/02 od 20. maja 2002.; amandmani objavljeni u “SG RS” broj 51/03 od 1.jula 2003.);
- Zakon o deviznom poslovanju (objavljen u “SG RS” broj 96/03 od 24. novembar 2003.);
- Zakon o privremenom odlaganju od izvršenja iz 2003 god (Zakon o privremenom odlaganju od izvršenja potraživanja iz budžeta Republike Srpske; objavljen u “SG RS” broj 110/03 od 20. decembra 2003.);
- Zakon o izmirenju unutrašnjeg duga iz 2004. godine (Zakon o utvrđivanju i načinu izmirenja duga Republike Srpske, objavljen u “SG RS” broj 63/04 od 15. jula 2004.; amandmani objavljeni u “SG RS” br. 47/06 od 11. maja 2006.); i
- Zakon o staroj deviznoj štednji iz 2006. god.(Zakon o izmirenju obaveza po osnovu stare devizne štednje, objavljen u Službenim novinama Bosne i Hercegovine ( “SN BiH” broj 28/06 od 14. aprila 2006.; “Zakon iz 2006”).
B. Odgovornost za “staru” deviznu štednju
25. U skladu sa članom 20. Zakona o početnom bilansu stanja u postupku privatizacije državnog kapitala u bankama; objavljenog u “SG RS” broj 24/98 od 15. jula 1998; amandmanima objavljenim u “SG RS” broj 70/01 od 31. december 2001., kao što je utvrđeno amandmanima, odgovornost za bilo koji dug koji proizilazi iz “stare” devizne štednje prebacuje se s banke u koju je ušteđevina deponovana na Republiku Srpsku nakon završetka privatizacije banke.
26. 15. aprila 2006. Bosna i Hercegovina je preuzela dug nastao po osnovu “stare” devizne štednje od svojih konstitutivnih jedinica (Član 1. Zakona iz 2006.)
C. Drugi relevantni zakonski propisi koji se tiču “stare” devizne štednje
1. Zakoni Bosne i Hercegovine
27. Zakon iz 2006. god. je na snazi od 15. aprila 2006. godine. U nastavku su njegove relevantne odredbe:
Član 1
1. Ovim zakonom uređuje se postupak, način i rokovi izmirenja obaveza Bosne i Hercegovine po osnovu računa stare devizne štednje deponovane u domaćim bankama na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine.
2. Za izmirenje obaveza po osnovu računa stare devizne štednje odgovorna je Bosna i Hercegovina, a sredstva osiguravaju Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, Republika Srpska i Distrikt Brčko Bosne i Hercegovine.
..
4. Obaveza vraćanja duga sa deviznih računa i deviznih štednih uloga zaključenih sa bankama čije je sjedište bilo van teritorije Bosne i Hercegovine, prema Sporazumu o sukcesiji, obaveza je države sljedbenice bivše Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije na čijoj teritoriji se nalazilo sjedište te banke. Bosna i Hercegovina se obavezuje da će kroz svoje međunarodne aktivnosti pomoći štedišama koji imaju štednju kod ovih banaka da ostvare svoja prava…
5. Izmirenju obaveza Bosne i Hercegovine u smislu stavova (1) i (2) ovog člana prethodi postupak verifikacije potraživanja
Član 2
1. U smislu ovog zakona, pod računima stare devizne štednje podrazumijevaju se devizna sredstva kod banaka na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine, sa stanjem na dan 31.12.1991, uključujući kamatu obračunatu do tog datuma, umanjena za direktne isplate banke nakon tog datuma i za prenesena i iskorištena sredstva sa jedinstvenog računa.
2. Računi stare devizne štednje definisani stavom 1. ovog člana ne obuhvataju račune stare devizne štednje u filijalama Ljubljanske banke, Invest banke i drugih stranih banaka na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine.
Član 3(1)
Na osnovu preliminarnih podataka... stanje stare devizne štednje iznosi 1. 979. 000. 000 BAM. Konačno stanje štednje utvrdit će se nakon završetka postupka verifikacije.
Član 4
Obračunata i neisplaćena kamata nakon 1. januara 1992. godine se stornira i od istog datuma, pa do stupanja na snagu ovog zakona, vrši se novi obračun kamata po stopi od 0.5%.
Član 5
Obaveze po osnovu računa stare devizne štednje koje nisu verifikovane mogu se dokazivati i ostavarivati samo u sudskom postupku.
Član 6
...
2. Po okončanju procesa verifikacije, potražilac dobija potvrdu o verifikaciji koja identifikuje potražioca i verifikuje iznos računa stare devizne štednje.
3. Potvrda iz stava (2) ovog člana ... uključuje, izmđu ostalog, i sljedeće:
...
c. izjavu o odustajanju od tužbe nakon što potražilac primi gotovinsku isplatu.
...
Član 15
...
5. Nakon završetka postupka verifikacije, svaki potražioc će u pisanoj formi biti obavješten o zahtjevu.
6. Dopuštena je žalba potražioca protiv [prvostepene] odluke [kompetentnom drugostepenom tijelu]. Biće dopušteno voditi upravni spor pred nadležnim sudom protiv [drugostepene] odluke
7. Zakonski propisi koji se tiču upravnih procedura Entiteta i Distrikta primjenjivat će se na verifikacioni proces.
Član 17(1)
Prijava za verifikaciju može biti dostavljena do [16. oktobra 2006.] i proces verifikacijski bit će završen do [15. januara 2007].
Član 18
...2. Ako se potražilac slaže sa iznosom određenim u procesu verifikacije, potražilac će potpisati potvrdu o verifikaciji. Potražiocu se, nakon što potpiše izjavu da se odriče prava na žalbu, isplaćuje maksimalan iznos od 100 KM2, ili ukupan iznos potraživanja do 100 KM…
3. Takođe, do kraja 2007. god maksimalan iznos od 1 000 KM3, ili ukupan iznos štednje koji je niži od 1000 KM bit će isplaćen. Ostatak neisplaćenih potraživanja bit će izmiren putem obveznica u skladu s ovim zakonom ...
...
Član 21(1)
... Sve državne obveznice bit će emitovane istovremeno … najkasnije do 31. marta 2008 pod sljedećim uslovima:
a. rok dospjeća do 13 godina ili najkasnije do 31. decembra 2020...; b.godišnja stopa od 2.5% godišnje;
c. mogućnost prijevremenog otkupa.
Član 27
1. Izvršenje sudskih presuda za račune stare devizne štednje takođe podliježu verifikaciji ...
2.Primjenjuju se odredbe ovog Zakona kojima se uređuje otpis kamata, gotovinske isplate i emisije obveznica.
Član 28
Sve predmete koji nisu rješeni pravosnažnim odlukama nadležni sud prenosi po službenoj dužnosti na verifikaciju i izmirenje u skladu sa ovim zakonom.”
2. Zakoni Republike Srpske
(a) Zakon o privatizaciji državnog kapitala u preduzećima; objavljen u “SG RS” broj 24/98 od 15. jula 1998.; amandmani objavljeni u “SG RS” broj 62/02 od 7. oktobra 2002., 38/03 od 30. maja 2003., 65/03 od 11. avgusta 2003. i 109/05 od 16. novembra 2005.)
28. Ovaj zakon je bio na snazi od 23. jula 1998. do 25. maja 2006. Slijede relevantne odredbe:
Član 19(1) i (2) (izmjenjen i dopunjen 19. augusta 2003.)
“Osoba koja posjeduje “staru” deviznu štednju u banci koja se nalazi u Republici Srpskoj i građanin je Republike Srpske na dan stupanja na snagu ovog Zakona ima pravo na obvaznice za kupovinu dionica u skladu sa ovim Zakonom.
Osoba koja ima pravo na obveznice u skladu sa ovim članom može odlučiti da pretvori svu svoju ušteđevinu ili samo jedan njezin dio u obveznice.”
Privatizacijske obveznice stečene u skladu sa gore spomenutim odredbama bile su prenosive što je uključivalo mogućnost njihove prodaje na sekundarnom tržištu (član 22(2) ovog Zakona). Svako prebacivanje u privatizacijske obveznice bilo je nepovratno (član 25(3) ovog Zakona).
(b) Zakon o privatizaciji poslovnih zgrada, poslovnih prostorija i garaža; objavljen u “SG RS” broj 98/04 od 4. novembra 2004.)
29. Ovaj Zakon je na snazi od 12. novembra 2004. Član 10(3) ovog Zakona predviđa da pojedinac može koristiti svoju “staru” deviznu štednju za kupovinu poslovnih zgrada i garaža u vlasništvu države pod uslovom da plati u gotovini najmanje 40% od vrijednosti objekta.
D. Neprovođenje odluka bivšeg Doma za ljudska prava
30. U skladu s članom 239. Krivičnog zakona Bosne i Hercegovine objavljenog u “SG BH”, brojevi 3/03 od 10. februara 2003. i 37/03 od 22. novembra 2003.; i amandmanima objavljenim u “SG BH” brojevi 32/03 od 28. oktobra 2003., 54/04 od 8. decembra 2004., 61/04 od 29. decembra 2004. i 30/05 od 17. maja 2005.), neprovođenje konačne i pravosnažne odluke bivšeg Doma za ljudska prava prerasta u krivično djelo:
“Službena osoba u institucijama Bosne i Hercegovine, institucijama entiteta ili institucijama Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine, koja odbije da izvrši konačnu i izvršnu odluku Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine, Suda Bosne i Hercegovine ili Doma za ljudska prava, ili sprječava da se takva odluka izvrši, ili na drugi način onemogućava njeno izvršenje, kaznit će se kaznom zatvora od šest mjeseci do pet godina.”
PRAVO
I. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 6 KONVENCIJE
31. Aplikantica se žalila na zakonsko sprečavanje izvršenja konačne i pravosnažne presude u njenu korist. Njena žalba je prvo bila ispitana od strane Suda u skladu sa članom 6. Konvencije, koji kao relevantan , kaže sljedeće:
“Svako, tokom odlučivanja o njegovim građanskim pravima i obavezama ..., ima pravo na pravičnu i javnu raspravu u razumnom roku pred nezavisnim i nepristrasnim sudom, obrazovanim na osnovu zakona.”
A. Podnesci strana
32. Aplikantica tvrdi da se neprovođenje konačne i izvršne presude ne može pravdati nikakvim okolnostima. Ona se direktno poziva na princip vladavine zakona.
33. Vlada je stanovišta da obaveza provođenja konačnih i obavezujućih sudskih odluka nije apsolutna. Kako se presuda u pitanju tiče “stare” devizne štednje, koja predstavlja značajan dio velikog javnog duga, Vlada tvrdi da je osporavano miješanje u skladu sa zakonom bilo opravdano.
34. Podnesak Vlade sadrži i opštu situaciju koja se tiče “stare” devizne štednje bez pravljenja razlike između onih koji su u istoj situaciji kao i aplikantica (presuda naređuje isplatu njene štednje) i većine drugih štediša koji imaju staru deviznu štednju (ali koji nemaju presudu).
35. Vlada je potvrdila da, prema važećem Zakonu o staroj deviznoj štednji iz 2006. god. (“Zakon iz 2006”), aplikantica ne bi trebala očekivati potpuno provođenje presude u ovom slučaju. Kamata akumulirana od 1. januara 1992. treba biti ponovo obračunata prema godišnjoj stopi od 0.5% (umjesto značajno više kamatne stope koju je primjenjivala Banjalučka banka i dosudili domaći sudovi). Šta više, nominalna vrijednost privatizacijskih hartija od vrijednosti u koje je aplikantica pretvorila dio svoje štednje bila bi oduzeta od sume dosuđene od strane domaćih sudova. Presuda bi djelimično bila isplaćena u gotovinin (1.000 BAM što je približno jednako 511 EUR, do kraja 2007. god.) i djelomično u državnim obveznicama (koje će važiti do kraja 2020, s kamatnom stopom od 2.5% na godišnjem nivou i mogu biti otkupljive prije dospijeća). Konačno, aplikantica treba proći proces verifikacije kao i svaki drugi štediša koji posjeduje “staru” deviznu štednju.
B. Podnesci treće strane: Član 36 § 2 Konvencije
36. Udruženje za zaštitu deviznih štediša u Bosni i Hercegovini detaljno je objasnilo istoriju problema “stare” devizne štednje. Prema mišljenju Udruženja, jedan od glavnih razloga postepenog “nestanka” deviznih rezervi tadašnje Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije (“SFRJ”) bili su nezakoniti upadi u monetarni sistem republika koje su sada države nasljednice bivše SFRJ. Udruženje takođe tvrdi da je Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina bila jedini pravni subjekt tadašnje SFRJ s pozitivnim vanjsko-trgovinskim bilansom zbog privrede orjentisane ka izvozu.
37. Presude koje naređuju isplatu “stare” devzne štednje bile su rijetke: samo neki od sudova u Republici Srpskoj presudili su u korist štediša “stare” devizne štednje, a ni jedan sud u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine to nije učinio. U svakom slučaju, takve presude, rijetke kao što jesu, ostaju nedjelotvorne zbog zakonskih intervencija.
C. Procjena suda
38. Sud ponavlja da Član 6 § 1 obezbjeđuje svima pravo na podnošenje tužbenog zahtjeva koji se odnosi na njihova građanska prava i obaveze pred sudom ili tribunalom; na ovaj način član obuhvata i “pravo na sud”, a pravo na pristup, što je u stvari pravo na pokretanje postupaka pred sudom u građanskoj parnici predstavlja jedan njegov aspekt. Ipak, to pravo bi bilo iluzorno ako bi pravni sistem zemalja ugovornica dozvoljavao da konačne, obvezujuće sudske odluke ostaju neučinkovite i na štetu jedne strane. Bilo bi neshvatljivo da Član 6 § 1 koji opisuje do detalja proceduralne garancije ponuđene strankama u parnici – postupke koji su fer i pošteni, javni i ekspeditivni – ostane bez zaštite primjene odluka suda. Doslovno tumačenje Člana 6. kao člana koji se isključivo tiče pristupa sudu i vođenja postupaka dovelo bi do situacija koje su inkopatibilne sa principom vladavine zakona kojeg se ugovorna država, prilikom ratifikacije Konvencije, obavezala da će poštovati. Izvršavanje presude koju donese bilo koji sud mora se smatrati kao sastavni dio “sudskog postupka” radi člana 6. (vidi Hornsby v. Greece, presuda od 19. marta 1997., Izvještaji o presudama i odlukama 1997-II, str. 510, § 40).
39. Sud i dalje ponavlja da ne prihvata da državne vlasti navode nedostatak sredstava kao ispriku za nepoštivanje obaveza proisteklih iz presude. Doduše, odgoda u izvršenju presude može se opravdati posebnim okolnostima, ali odgoda ne može biti takva da naruši srž prava koje štiti član 6 § 1 (vidi Burdov v. Russia, broj. 59498/00, § 35, ECHR 2002-III i Teteriny v. Russia, broj 11931/03, § 41, od 30. juna 2005.).
40. Vraćajući se na ovaj slučaj, Sud konstatuje da presuda od 26. novembra 1998, iako konačna i izvršna, još uvijek nije izvršena. Ova osporavana situacija već traje duže od 4 godine, od kada je Bosna i Hercegovina ratifikovala Konvenciju 12. jula 2002. (period koji potpada pod nadležnost suda ratione temporis). Sud takođe konstatuje da je presuđeni dug odgovornost države (vidi paragrafe 25. i 26. gore).
41. Vlada nije osporila da u uobičajenim okolnostima odgoda u izvršenju presude više od četiri godine ne bi bila konzistentna sa uslovima iz člana 6. (vidi, na primjer, Voytenko v. Ukraine, broj 18966/02, §§ 41-42, od 29. juna 2004.). Međutim, Vlada smatra da je sadašnji slučaj izuzetan jer se presuda tiče isplate “stare” devizne štednje aplikanta. Bilo bi neprihvatljivo izvršiti ovu presudu bez isplate drugih štediša “stare” devizne štednje istovremeno (uključujući i one koji nisu dobili konačnu i izvršnu presudu u njihovu korist), a takav tok događaja bio je jednostavno nemoguć zbog obima “stare” devizne štednje.
Sud se ne slaže. Sud smatra da je situacija aplikantice u ovom slučaju značajno različita od većine štediša “stare” devizne štednje koji nisu dobili nikakvu presudu kojom se nalaže isplata njihovog novca.
42. Sud ne smatra da bi isplata dodjeljene sume koju su donijeli domaći sudovi u ovom slučaju, čak i sa akumuliranim kamatama, mogla značajno opteretiti državu i rezultirati u kolaps njene privrede, kako tvrdi Vlada. U svakom slučaju aplikantica ne bi trebala biti spriječena od uživanja pozitivnog ishoda parnice zbog navodnih financijskih teškoća koje ima država.
43. Nadalje, evidentno je da su presude koje naređuju isplatu “stare” devizne štednje više izuzeci nego pravilo. Ovo je potkrijepljeno sudskom praksom bivšeg Doma za ljudska prava, Komisije za ljudska prava pri Ustavnom Sudu i Ustavnog Suda Bosne i Hercegovine: oni su odlučili u više od hiljadu slučajeva “stare” devizne štednje, a konačna i izvršna presuda koja naređuje isplatu ušteđevine je donesena samo u pet slučajeva. (aplikacije broj CH/98/1019, CH/98/1084, CH/99/1859, CH/99/2733 i CH/99/2997 podnesene Domu za ljudska prava). Isto tako, od približno 85 slučajeva u razmatranju pred ovim Sudom (podnesenih ispred više od 3.750 aplikanata) koji se tiču “stare” devizne štednje, samo deset aplikanata ima konačnu i izvršnu presudu kojom se naređuje oslobađanje njihove štednje.
44. Dok Sud procjenjuje da je veliki dio “stare” devizne štednje prestao da postoji prije ili tokom raspada bivše SFRJ i dezintegracijom njenog bankarskog i monetarnog sistema (vidi izvještaj Erika Jurgensa, Repayment of the deposits of foreign exchange made in the offices of the Ljubljanska banka not on the territory of Slovenia, 1977-1991, (Ponovno isplaćivanje deviznih depozita iz ekspozitura Ljubljanske banke koje nisu na teritoriji Slovenije, 1977- 1991) kao dodatak Rezoluciji 1410 (2004) usvojen od strane Parlamentarne Skupštine Vijeća Evrope od 23. novembra 2004), na takve okolnosti se poziva i one se provjeravaju prije konačnog domaćeg određenja o slučaju i gdje se sudovi konačno odrede o slučaju, njihove odluke se ne bi trebale dovoditi u pitanje. (vidi Brumărescu v. Romania [GC], br. 28342/95, § 61, ECHR 1999-VII).
45. U okolnostima ovog slučaja, Sud smatra da nije bilo opravdano odlagati tako dugo izvršenje konačne i izvršne presude, ili uplitati se u izvršenje presude na način kako je to predviđeno članom 27. Zakona iz 2006. (vidi paragraf 35 gore).
46. Sud zaključuje da je srž prava aplikantice na pristup sudu koje je zaštićeno članom 6. bilo narušeno. Na taj način došlo je do kršenja toga člana.
II. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 1 PROTOKOLA BR.1 UZ KONVENCIJU
47. Žalba aplikantice o zakonskom sprečavanju izvršenja konačne i izvršne presude u njezinu korist takođe je ispitana prema članu 1 Protokola br. 1 uz Konvenciju koji glasi:
“Svaka fizičko ili pravno lice ima pravo na spokojno uživanje svoje imovine. Niko neće biti lišen svoga vlasništva osim u slučaju javnog interesa i pod uslovima predviđenim zakonom i opštim principima međunarodnih zakona.
Prethodne odredbe ni na koji način neće povrijediti pravo države da provodi takve zakone kad smatra potrebnim da kontroliše korištenje imovine u skladu s opštim interesom ili da osigura plaćanje poreza ili drugih doprinosa ili kazni.”
48. Sud podsjeća da nemogućnost obezbjeđenja izvršenja konačne presude u korist aplikantice čini uplitanje u pravo na spokojno uživanje imovine, kao što je to navedeno u prvoj rečenici prvog paragrafa člana 1 Protokola br. 1 (vidi, između ostalog Burdov, citiran gore, § 40; Jasiūnienė v. Lithuania, br. 41510/98, § 45, od 6. marta 2003. i Voytenko, citiran gore, § 53).
49. Iz razloga detaljno gore navedenih u kontekstu člana 6., Sud nadalje smatra da miješanje u vlasništvo aplikantice nije opravdano u okolnostima sadašnjeg slučaja.
Zbog toga, došlo je do povrede člana 1 Protokola 1.
III. PRIMJENA ČLANA 41 KONVENCIJE
50. Član 41. Konvencije predviđa:
“Kada sud utvrdi kršenja Konvencije ili njenih Protokola, a unutrašnji zakon Visoke strane ugovornice u pitanju omogućava samo djelimičnu odštetu, Sud će, ako je potrebno, pružiti pravičnu nadoknadu oštećenoj strani.”
A. Odšteta
51. Aplikantica je zahtijevala, u pogledu materijalne odštete, plaćanje duga prema presudi uključujući nenaplaćene kamate i sudske troškove. Prihvatila je da iznosi koje je primila 30. januara 2001., 7. marta 2002., i 9. februara 2004. god. na sekundarnom tržištu treba da budu odbijeni od ukupnog iznosa (ukupno 13.395 EUR). Međutim, odbila je da snosi gubitak nastao prilikom transakcija (što čini razliku od 17.282 EUR između nominalne vrijednosti aplikantove ušteđevine pretvorene u privatizacijske hartije od vrijedonosti i vrijednosti ovih hartija od vrijednosti koje su joj isplaćene.) Aplikantica je objasnila da je presuda u pitanju bila izvršena na vrijeme, ona ne bi morala pretvarati svoju ušteđevinu u hartije od vrijednosti i ne bi došlo do tog gubitka. Aplikantica je, takođe, tražila i 50.000 EUR na ime nematerijalne štete.
52. Vlada je predočila da ukupni iznos pretvoren, u sva tri slučaja, u privatizacione hartije od vrijednosti (30. 667 EUR) treba da bude oduzet od ukupnog duga. Vlada nije ispitivala iznose novca koje je aplikantica uistinu dobila kod gore navedenih transakcija. Što se tiče zahtjeva za nematerijalnu odštetu, Vlada je smatrala da je taj zahtjev neutemeljen.
53. Sud nadalje navodi da je način koji najbolje odgovara nadoknadi u slučaju kršenja člana 6. jeste osigurati da aplikant što je više moguće bude vraćen u poziciju u kojoj bi on ili ona bili da se nisu zanemarile odredbe člana 6. (vidi Teteriny, navedeno gore, § 56). Sud smatra da se u ovom slučaju taj princip takođe primjenjuje, imajući u vidu da je povreda člana utvrđena. Sud nadalje smatra da Vlada treba da plati odštetu koju su presudili domaći sudovi. Ova odšteta se sastoji od osnovnog duga (u iznosu od 153.475 EUR), neisplaćene kamata za gore navedeni iznos, po stopi i za period koji su odredili domaći sudovi (22.660 EUR), sudske troškove (290 EUR) i neisplaćene kamate za posljednji pomenuti iznos prema zakonskoj stopi za period koji su odredili domaći sudovi (430 EUR). Iznos od 13.395 EUR koji je aplikantica već primila treba oduzeti (vidi paragraf 51 gore). Aplikantica treba da primiti ukupnu sumu u iznosu od 163.460 EUR prema ovom poglavlju.
54. Sud se slaže s aplikanticom da ne bi bilo pravedno da ona snosi gubitak nastao zbog gore spomenutih transakcija od 30. januara 2001., 7. marta 2002. i 9. februara 2004. godine jer odgovornost za gubitak primarno leži u propustu države da provede presudu u određenom vremenu. Razlika (17.282 EUR) između nominalne vrijednosti ušteđevine aplikantice
pretvorene u privatizacione hartije od vrijednosti i cijene tih hartija od vrijedonosti koja je njoj i isplaćena ne treba da bude oduzeta od iznosa navedenih u prethodnom paragrafu pošto pripada njoj.
55. Sud takođe smatra da je jasno da je aplikantica pretrpjela izvjesnu nematerijalnu štetu proisteklu iz kršenja Konvencije, što je utvrđeno u ovom slučaju, za koju treba primiti naknadu. Dodjeljuje se naknada u iznosu od 4.000 EUR prema ovom poglavlju.
B. Troškovi i izdaci
56. Sud konstatuje da je aplikantici bila dodjeljena pravna pomoć prema planu Suda o pružanju pravne pomoći za dostavljanje njenih pismenih opažanja, za pojavljivanje pred sudom i sekretarske troškove. Ona nije podnijela nikakav zahtjev za dodatne sudske troškove. Prema tome, Sud ne treba donositi odluku o nadoknadi u ovom poglavlju.
C. Neisplaćene kamate
57. Sud smatra odgovarajućim da se neisplaćene kamate baziraju na najmanjim kreditnim stopama evropske Centralne Banke, uvećanim za 3%.
ZBOG OVIH RAZLOGA, SUD JEDNOGLASNO
1. Presuđuje da je došlo do kršenja člana 6. Konvencije
2. Presuđuje da je došlo do kršenja člana 1 Protokola br. 1 Konvencije.
3. Presuđuje
(a) da tužena Država treba da plati aplikantici, u roku od tri mjeseca od dana kada presuda postane konačna, u skladu sa Članom 44 § 2 Konvencije, sljedeće iznose koji trebaju biti pretvoreni u Bosanske marke prema kursu primjenjivom na dan isplate:
(i) 163.460 EUR (stotinu šezdeset tri hiljade i četiri stotine i šezdeset eura) na ime materijalne odštete.
(ii) 4.000 EUR (četiri hiljade eura) na ime nematerijalne odštete, i
(iii) na ime poreza koji će možda trebati platiti na gore navedene iznose.
(b) nakon isteka gore navedena tri mjeseca i sve do isplate, kamata po viđenju će se primjenjivati na gore navedene iznose po stopi jednakoj najmanjoj kreditnoj stopi evropske Centralne Banke za period neizmirenja, uvećanoj za 3%.
4. Odbacuje preostale dijelove zahtijeva aplikantice za pravičnu nadoknadu.
Sastavljeno na engleskom jeziku i objavljeno u pisanoj formi 31. oktobra 2006, prema Pravilu 77 §§ 2 i 3 Pravila Suda.
Lawrence Early Nicolas Bratza
Registrar Predsednik
___________________________________
Prevod presude preuzet sa https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF JELIČIĆ v. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
(Application no. 41183/02)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
31 October 2006
FINAL
31/01/2007
In the case of Jeličić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Nicolas Bratza, President,
Josep Casadevall,
Matti Pellonpää,
Rait Maruste,
Kristaq Traja,
Ljiljana Mijović,
Ján Šikuta, judges,
and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 10 October 2006,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no. 41183/02) against Bosnia and Herzegovina lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ms Ruža Jeličić (“the applicant”), on 19 August 2002.
2. The applicant complained that a final and enforceable judgment ordering the release of her “old” foreign-currency savings had not been enforced.
3. The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
4. A hearing on admissibility and the merits took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 28 June 2005 (Rule 54 § 3).
There appeared before the Court:
(a) for the Government
Ms Z. Ibrahimović, Acting Agent,
Ms M. Mijić, Acting Deputy Agent;
(b) for the applicant
Mr P. Radulović, Counsel,
Mr S. Nišić, Adviser.
The Court heard addresses by Ms Ibrahimović and Mr Radulović, as well as their answers to questions put by Judge Mijović.
5. By a decision of 15 November 2005, the Chamber declared the application admissible.
6. The applicant and the Government each filed further observations (Rule 59 § 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Association of Foreign-Currency Savers (Udruženje za zaštitu deviznih štediša u Bosni i Hercegovini), which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 2).
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
7. The applicant was born in 1953 and lives in Banja Luka.
8. Between 7 January 1977 and 31 January 1983 the applicant deposited in total 70,140 German marks (DEM) in her savings account at the then State-owned Privredna banka Sarajevo Filijala Banja Luka. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in other successor States of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“SFRY”), such savings are commonly referred to as “old” foreign-currency savings, having been deposited prior to the dissolution of the SFRY. The relevant background information on this subject is set out in detail in the Chamber’s decision on the admissibility of the present application (see Jeličić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (dec.), no. 41183/02, ECHR 2005-XII).
9. On 31 December 1991 the balance in the applicant’s account, which included accrued interest, was DEM 235,924 (in the former SFRY, foreign-currency deposits earned high interest).
10. On several occasions in 1992 and 1993, the applicant managed to withdraw in total DEM 9,352, regardless of statutory restrictions which had been introduced in the late 1980s.
11. On 3 October 1997 the applicant initiated civil proceedings against the Banjalučka banka, the legal successor of the Privredna banka Sarajevo Filijala Banja Luka, seeking the recovery of her entire “old” foreign-currency savings and accrued interest.
12. On 26 November 1998 the Banja Luka Court of First Instance established that the balance in the applicant’s account indicated above was DEM 295,274, including accrued interest. The court also found that the applicant had DEM 4,896 in another account at the same bank. The Banjalučka banka was ordered to pay the applicant, within 15 days, DEM 300,170 (approximately 153,475 euros (EUR)), default interest on the above amount at the rate applicable in the country of the currency (namely Germany) from 3 October 1997, legal costs in the amount of 9,076 dinars (approximately EUR 290) and default interest on the last-mentioned amount at the statutory rate from the date of the judgment.
13. On 5 February 1999 the Banja Luka Court of First Instance mistakenly held that the Banjalučka banka had not appealed against the judgment of 26 November 1998 and accordingly issued a writ of execution (rješenje o izvršenju). On 25 February 1999 the Banja Luka Court of First Instance established that an appeal had in fact been submitted. On 4 November 1999 the Banja Luka District Court rejected that appeal and the first-instance judgment of 26 November 1998 therefore became enforceable.
14. Meanwhile, the applicant filed an application with the Human Rights Ombudsperson, who referred the application to the Human Rights Chamber (the human rights bodies set up by Annex 6 to the 1995 General Framework Agreement for Peace).
15. On 12 January 2000 the Human Rights Chamber found a violation of Article 6 of the Convention and of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 arising from a failure to enforce the judgment of 26 November 1998. The Human Rights Chamber held the Republika Srpska responsible and ordered it to ensure full enforcement without further delay.
16. After the Banjalučka banka had failed to execute the judgment voluntarily, on 22 March 2000 the competent court sent a fresh writ of execution to the Republika Srpska Payment Bureau (Služba za platni promet Republike Srpske).
17. On 28 July 2000 the Supreme Court of the Republika Srpska rejected an appeal on points of law (revizija) against the judgment of 26 November 1998.
18. On 8 November 2000 the writ of execution was returned to the competent court, execution having been impossible on account of a statutory prohibition (see paragraph 24 below).
19. On 30 January 2001 the applicant converted part of her savings (DEM 20,000) into privatisation coupons under the Privatisation of Companies Act 1998. She subsequently sold those coupons on the secondary market, allegedly for DEM 9,000.
20. On 18 January 2002 the privatisation of the Banjalučka banka was completed and the applicant’s “old” foreign-currency savings became a public debt of the Republika Srpska pursuant to section 20 of the Opening Balance Sheets Act 1998.
21. On 7 March 2002 and 9 February 2004 the applicant converted a further part of her savings (EUR 20,452 in total) into privatisation coupons as before. She subsequently sold those coupons on the secondary market, allegedly for EUR 8,794 in total.
22. On 15 April 2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina took over the debt arising from “old” foreign-currency savings from its constituent units pursuant to section 1 of the Old Foreign-Currency Savings Act 2006.
23. The judgment of 26 November 1998 has not yet been enforced.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW
A. Statutory prevention of enforcement of judgments ordering the release of “old” foreign-currency savings
24. Enforcement of such judgments has been prevented in the Republika Srpska since 3 May 1996 in accordance with the relevant instructions of the government of the Republika Srpska (Odluka o obustavljanju isplate “stare” devizne štednje, Official Gazette of the Republika Srpska (“OG RS”) no. 10/96 of 27 May 1996, and Zaključak, OG RS no. 24/99 of 4 October 1999) and the following legislation:
(a) The Foreign-Currency Transactions Act 1996 (Zakon o deviznom poslovanju, OG RS no. 15/96 of 8 July 1996, amendments to which were published in OG RS no. 10/97 of 30 April 1997);
(b) The Postponement of Enforcement Act 2002 (Zakon o odlaganju od izvršenja sudskih odluka na teret sredstava budžeta Republike Srpske po osnovu isplate naknade materijalne i nematerijalne štete nastale uslijed ratnih dejstava i po osnovu isplate stare devizne štednje, OG RS no. 25/02 of 20 May 2002, amendments to which were published in OG RS no. 51/03 of 1 July 2003);
(c) The Foreign-Currency Transactions Act 2003 (Zakon o deviznom poslovanju, OG RS no. 96/03 of 24 November 2003);
(d) The Temporary Postponement of Enforcement Act 2003 (Zakon o privremenom odlaganju od izvršenja potraživanja iz budžeta Republike Srpske, OG RS no. 110/03 of 20 December 2003);
(e) The Settlement of Domestic Debt Act 2004 (Zakon o utvrđivanju i načinu izmirenja unutrašnjeg duga Republike Srpske, OG RS no. 63/04 of 15 July 2004, amendments to which were published in OG RS no. 47/06 of 11 May 2006); and
(f) The Old Foreign-Currency Savings Act 2006 (Zakon o izmirenju obaveza po osnovu stare devizne štednje, Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (“OG BH”) no. 28/06 of 14 April 2006 – “the 2006 Act”).
B. Liability for “old” foreign-currency savings
25. In accordance with section 20 of the Opening Balance Sheets Act 1998 (Zakon o početnom bilansu stanja u postupku privatizacije državnog kapitala u bankama, OG RS no. 24/98 of 15 July 1998, amendments to which were published in OG RS no. 70/01 of 31 December 2001), as amended, liability for any debt arising from “old” foreign-currency savings shifts from the bank in which the savings have been deposited to the Republika Srpska upon the completion of the bank’s privatisation.
26. On 15 April 2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina took over from its constituent units the debt arising from “old” foreign-currency savings (section 1 of the 2006 Act).
C. Other relevant legislation concerning “old” foreign-currency savings
1. Legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
27. The 2006 Act has been in force since 15 April 2006. The following are its relevant provisions.
Section 1
“(1) This Act defines the procedure, manner and deadlines for the fulfilment of the obligations of Bosnia and Herzegovina arising from old foreign-currency savings deposited in local banks in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(2) While Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be responsible for the fulfilment of obligations arising from old foreign-currency savings, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republika Srpska and the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall provide the means.
...
(4) In accordance with the 2001 Agreement on Succession Issues, successor States to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia shall be liable for foreign-currency accounts opened at banks which had their seat in their respective territories. Bosnia and Herzegovina shall provide assistance, within the scope of its international activities, to the holders of such foreign-currency accounts ...
(5) Bosnia and Herzegovina shall fulfil its obligations defined in paragraphs 1 and 2 above following a verification process.”
Section 2
“(1) Under this Act, old foreign-currency savings are foreign-currency savings in banks located in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina as at 31 December 1991, including interest earned until that date, less any payment after that date and any funds transferred to special privatisation accounts.
(2) Old foreign-currency savings defined in paragraph 1 above shall not include foreign-currency savings in branch offices located in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina of the Ljubljanska banka, Invest banka or other foreign banks.”
Section 3(1)
“According to preliminary data ... old foreign-currency savings amount to 1,979,000,000 Bosnian markas[1]. The amount shall be determined in the verification process.”
Section 4
“Any interest accrued after 1 January 1992 but not paid shall be cancelled. Interest for the period between 1 January 1992 and the entry into force of this Act shall be calculated afresh at an annual rate of 0.5%.”
Section 5
“The fulfilment of obligations arising from old foreign-currency savings, if not verified in accordance with this Act, can only be requested in court proceedings.”
Section 6
“...
(2) Following the verification process, each claimant shall be provided with a certificate which identifies him or her and the amount of his or her old foreign-currency savings.
(3) The certificate referred to in paragraph 2 above ... shall include, inter alia, the following:
...
(c) a statement that the claimant will renounce any legal action following a cash payment;
...”
Section 15
“...
(5) Following the verification process, a written decision shall be given to each claimant.
(6) It shall be permitted to appeal against a [first-instance] decision to the [competent second-instance body]. It shall be permitted to pursue an administrative dispute before the competent court against a [second-instance] decision.
(7) The legislation concerning administrative procedure of the Entities and District shall apply to the verification process.”
Section 17(1)
“An application for verification can be submitted by [16 October 2006] and the verification process shall be completed by [15 January 2007].”
Section 18
“...
(2) Should the claimant accept the amount determined in the verification process, the claimant shall sign a verification certificate. Following the claimant’s waiver of the right to appeal, a maximum of 100 Bosnian markas[2], or the total amount of savings lower than 100 Bosnian markas, shall be paid ...
(3) Furthermore, by the end of 2007 a maximum of 1,000 Bosnian markas[3], or the total amount of savings lower than 1,000 Bosnian markas, shall be paid. The remaining amount shall be reimbursed in State bonds in accordance with this Act ...
...”
Section 21(1)
“... All State bonds shall be issued at the same time ... at the latest by 31 March 2008 on the following conditions:
(a) they shall become due within no more than thirteen years and at the latest by 31 December 2020 ...;
(b) they shall earn interest at an annual rate of 2.5%;
(c) they shall be redeemable before their maturity.”
Section 27
“(1) Final judicial decisions concerning old foreign-currency savings shall also be subject to verification ...
(2) ... The provisions of this Act concerning the cancellation of interest, cash payments and State bonds shall apply.”
Section 28
“The competent court shall of its own motion submit any pending case to the verification process in accordance with this Act.”
2. Legislation of the Republika Srpska
(a) Privatisation of Companies Act 1998 (Zakon o privatizaciji državnog kapitala u preduzećima, OG RS no. 24/98 of 15 July 1998, amendments to which were published in OG RS nos. 62/02 of 7 October 2002, 38/03 of 30 May 2003, 65/03 of 11 August 2003 and 109/05 of 16 November 2005)
28. This Act was in force from 23 July 1998 until 25 May 2006. The following were the relevant provisions:
Section 19(1) and (2) (as amended on 19 August 2003)
“A person who has ‘old’ foreign-currency savings in a bank located in the Republika Srpska and who is a citizen of the Republika Srpska at the date of the entry into force of this Act shall be entitled to coupons for the purchase of shares pursuant to this Act.
A person who is entitled to coupons in accordance with this section may decide to convert into coupons his or her entire savings or a part thereof.”
The privatisation coupons acquired in accordance with the above provisions were transferable; this included the possibility of selling them on the secondary market (section 22(2)). Any conversion into privatisation coupons was irrevocable (section 25(3)).
(b) Privatisation of Business Premises and Garages Act 2004 (Zakon o privatizaciji poslovnih zgrada, poslovnih prostorija i garaža, OG RS no. 98/04 of 4 November 2004)
29. This Act has been in force since 12 November 2004. Section 10(3) provides that “old” foreign-currency savings may be used for the purchase of State-owned business premises and garages on condition that a minimum of 40% of the price is paid in cash.
D. Non-enforcement of the decisions of the former Human Rights Chamber
30. In accordance with Article 239 of the Criminal Code 2003 (Krivični zakon Bosne i Hercegovine, OG BH nos. 3/03 of 10 February 2003 and 37/03 of 22 November 2003, amendments to which were published in OG BH nos. 32/03 of 28 October 2003, 54/04 of 8 December 2004, 61/04 of 29 December 2004 and 30/05 of 17 May 2005), non-enforcement of a final and enforceable decision of the former Human Rights Chamber amounts to a criminal offence:
“Any official of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the Entities or of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina who refuses to enforce a final and enforceable decision of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina or of the Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or who prevents the enforcement of any such decision, or who frustrates the enforcement of the decision in some other way, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and five years.”
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION
31. The applicant complained of the statutory prevention of the enforcement of a final and enforceable judgment in her favour. Her complaint was first examined by the Court under Article 6 of the Convention which, in so far as relevant, reads as follows:
“In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. ...”
A. The parties’ submissions
32. The applicant asserted that a failure to enforce a final and enforceable judgment could not be justified under any circumstances. She relied directly on the principle of the rule of law.
33. The Government maintained that the obligation to enforce final and binding judicial decisions was not absolute. Since the judgment in issue concerned “old” foreign-currency savings, which represented a significant part of the large public debt, the Government asserted that the impugned statutory intervention was justified.
34. Their submissions then addressed the general situation of “old” foreign-currency savers without distinguishing between those in the present applicant’s position (where there had been a judgment ordering the release of her savings) and the majority of other “old” foreign-currency savers (who had not obtained any such judgment).
35. The Government confirmed that, following the recent Old Foreign-Currency Savings Act 2006 (“the 2006 Act”), the applicant should not expect full enforcement of the judgment in issue. Interest accrued from 1 January 1992 would be calculated afresh at an annual rate of 0.5% (instead of the significantly higher interest rate applied by the Banjalučka banka and awarded by the domestic courts). Furthermore, the nominal value of the privatisation coupons into which the applicant had converted a part of her savings would be deducted from the amount awarded by the domestic courts. The judgment would be enforced partly in cash (1,000 Bosnian markas, equivalent to EUR 511, by the end of 2007) and partly in State bonds (to become due by the end of 2020, to earn interest at an annual rate of 2.5% and to be redeemable before their maturity). Lastly, the applicant should undergo a verification process like any other “old” foreign-currency saver.
B. Third-party submissions
36. The Association of Foreign-Currency Savers (Udruženje za zaštitu deviznih štediša u Bosni i Hercegovini) explained in some detail the history of the “old” foreign-currency savings issue. According to the Association, one of the main reasons for the gradual “disappearance” of the hard-currency reserves of the then Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“SFRY”) had been the unlawful raids into the monetary system by what are now the successor States of the former SFRY. The Association also asserted that the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina had been the sole entity of the then SFRY with a positive foreign-trade balance, because of its export-oriented economy.
37. Judgments ordering the release of “old” foreign-currency savings were rare: only some courts in the Republika Srpska had ruled in favour of “old” foreign-currency savers and no court in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina had done so. In any event, such judgments, rare as they were, had remained inoperative owing to statutory intervention.
C. The Court’s assessment
38. The Court reiterates that Article 6 § 1 secures to everyone the right to have any claim relating to his civil rights and obligations brought before a court or tribunal; in this way it embodies the “right to a court”, of which the right of access, that is the right to institute proceedings before courts in civil matters, constitutes one aspect. However, that right would be illusory if a Contracting State’s domestic legal system allowed a final, binding judicial decision to remain inoperative to the detriment of one party. It would be inconceivable that Article 6 § 1 should describe in detail the procedural guarantees afforded to litigants – proceedings that are fair, public and expeditious – without protecting the implementation of judicial decisions. To construe Article 6 as being concerned exclusively with access to a court and the conduct of proceedings would indeed be likely to lead to situations incompatible with the principle of the rule of law which the Contracting States undertook to respect when they ratified the Convention. Execution of a judgment given by any court must therefore be regarded as an integral part of the “trial” for the purposes of Article 6 (see Hornsby v. Greece, 19 March 1997, § 40, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-II).
39. The Court further reiterates that it is not open to a State authority to cite lack of funds as an excuse for not honouring a judgment debt. Admittedly, a delay in the execution of a judgment may be justified in particular circumstances, but the delay may not be such as to impair the essence of the right protected under Article 6 § 1 (see Burdov v. Russia, no. 59498/00, § 35, ECHR 2002‑III, and Teteriny v. Russia, no. 11931/03, § 41, 30 June 2005).
40. Turning to the instant case, the Court notes that the judgment of 26 November 1998, although final and enforceable, has not yet been executed. The impugned situation has thus already lasted more than four years since the ratification of the Convention by Bosnia and Herzegovina on 12 July 2002 (the period which falls within the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis). The Court also notes that the judgment debt is the liability of the State (see paragraphs 25 and 26 above).
41. The Government did not dispute that in ordinary circumstances a delay in the execution of a judgment of more than four years would not be consistent with the requirements of Article 6 (see, for example, Voytenko v. Ukraine, no. 18966/02, §§ 41-42, 29 June 2004). However, they maintained that the present case was exceptional as the judgment in issue concerned the release of the applicant’s “old” foreign-currency savings. It would be unacceptable to execute this judgment without reimbursing other “old” foreign-currency savers at the same time (including those who had not obtained a final and enforceable judgment in their favour) and such a course of action was simply impossible because of the magnitude of the “old” foreign-currency savings.
The Court disagrees. It considers that the situation of the applicant in the present case is significantly different from that of the majority of “old” foreign-currency savers who have not obtained any judgment ordering the release of their funds.
42. The Court does not consider that the payment of the award made by the domestic courts in the present case, even with the accumulated default interest, would be a significant burden for the State, let alone result in the collapse of its economy as suggested by the Government. In any event, the applicant should not be prevented from benefiting from the success of her litigation on the ground of alleged financial difficulties experienced by the State.
43. Further, the evidence is that judgments ordering the release of “old” foreign-currency savings are the exception rather than the norm. This has been corroborated by the case-law of the former Human Rights Chamber, the Human Rights Commission within the Constitutional Court and the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina; they have determined more than a thousand “old” foreign-currency cases and a final and enforceable judgment ordering the release of savings has been made in only five cases (applications nos. CH/98/1019, CH/98/1084, CH/99/1859, CH/99/2733 and CH/99/2997 lodged with the Human Rights Chamber). Similarly, of the approximately eighty-five cases pending before this Court (submitted on behalf of more than 3,750 applicants) concerning “old” foreign-currency savings, about ten applicants have obtained a final and enforceable judgment ordering the release of their savings.
44. While the Court appreciates that a major part of “old” foreign-currency savings may have ceased to exist before or during the dissolution of the former SFRY and the disintegration of its banking and monetary systems (see the report by Erik Jurgens, “Repayment of the deposits of foreign exchange made in the offices of the Ljubljanska banka not on the territory of Slovenia, 1977-1991”, accompanying Resolution 1410 (2004), adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on 23 November 2004), such circumstances fall to be raised and examined prior to a final domestic determination of a case, and where the courts have finally determined an issue, their ruling should not be called into question (see Brumărescu v. Romania [GC], no. 28342/95, § 61, ECHR 1999‑VII).
45. In the circumstances of the present case, the Court considers that it was not justified to delay for so long the execution of a final and enforceable judgment, or to intervene in the execution of the judgment in the manner permitted by section 27 of the 2006 Act (see paragraph 35 above).
46. The Court concludes that the essence of the applicant’s right of access to a court, as protected by Article 6 of the Convention, was thereby impaired. There has accordingly been a breach of that Article.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL No. 1
47. The applicant’s complaint about the statutory prevention of enforcement of a final and enforceable judgment in her favour was also examined under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which reads as follows:
“Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.”
48. The Court reiterates that the impossibility of obtaining the execution of a final judgment in an applicant’s favour constitutes an interference with his or her right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions, as set out in the first sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (see, among other authorities, Burdov, cited above, § 40; Jasiūnienė v. Lithuania, no. 41510/98, § 45, 6 March 2003; and Voytenko, cited above, § 53).
49. For the reasons set out above in the context of Article 6, the Court further considers that the interference with the applicant’s possessions was not justified in the circumstances of the present case.
Therefore, there has also been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
III. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
50. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
51. In respect of pecuniary damage, the applicant sought the payment of the judgment debt, including default interest and legal costs. She accepted that the amounts which she had actually received on 30 January 2001, 7 March 2002 and 9 February 2004 on the secondary market should be deducted (in total 13,395 euros (EUR)). However, she refused to bear the loss incurred in those transactions (that is, the difference of EUR 17,282 between the nominal value of her savings converted into privatisation coupons and the price of those coupons that was actually paid to her). The applicant explained that had the judgment in issue been enforced on time, she would not have had to convert her savings into coupons and would not have sustained that loss. In addition, the applicant claimed EUR 50,000 by way of compensation for non-pecuniary damage.
52. The Government submitted that the entire amount converted on three occasions into privatisation coupons (EUR 30,677) should be deducted. They did not question the amounts actually received by the applicant in the above-mentioned transactions. As to the claim for non-pecuniary damage, the Government considered it to be unsubstantiated.
53. The Court reiterates that the most appropriate form of redress in respect of a violation of Article 6 is to ensure that the applicant as far as possible is put in the position in which he or she would have been had the requirements of Article 6 not been disregarded (see Teteriny, cited above, § 56). The Court finds that in the present case this principle applies as well, having regard to the violation found. It therefore considers that the Government should pay the award made by the domestic courts. This award consists of a principal debt (in the amount of EUR 153,475), default interest on the above amount at the rate and for the period specified by the domestic courts (EUR 22,660), legal costs (EUR 290) and default interest on the last-mentioned amount at the statutory rate for the period specified by the domestic courts (EUR 430). The amount of EUR 13,395 which the applicant has already received should be deducted (see paragraph 51 above). The applicant should therefore receive EUR 163,460 in all under this head.
54. The Court agrees with the applicant that it would not be fair for her to bear the loss incurred in the above-mentioned transactions of 30 January 2001, 7 March 2002 and 9 February 2004 since the primary responsibility for the loss lies with the State for its failure to enforce the judgment in issue in a timely manner. The difference (EUR 17,282) between the nominal value of the applicant’s savings converted into privatisation coupons and the price of those coupons actually paid to her should not therefore be deducted from the sums outlined in the preceding paragraph as being due to her.
55. The Court also considers it clear that the applicant sustained some non-pecuniary loss arising from the violations of the Convention found in the present case, for which she should be compensated. It awards EUR 4,000 under this head.
B. Costs and expenses
56. The Court notes that the applicant was granted legal aid under the Court’s legal aid scheme for the submission of her written observations, for her appearance before the Court and for secretarial expenses. She has submitted no claim for additional legal expenses. Accordingly, the Court is not required to make an award under this head.
C. Default interest
57. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 of the Convention;
2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1;
3. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts, which should be converted into Bosnian markas at the rate applicable on the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 163,460 (one hundred and sixty-three thousand four hundred and sixty euros) in respect of pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage; and
(iii) any tax that may be chargeable on the above amounts;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
4. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant’s claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 31 October 2006, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Lawrence Early Nicolas Bratza
Registrar President
[1]. Approximately EUR 1,012,000,000.
[2]. Approximately EUR 50.
[3]. Approximately EUR 500.